Intelligent Switch for Processing Financial Market Data

ABSTRACT

Various techniques are disclosed for offloading the processing of data packets. For example, incoming data packets can be processed through an offload processor to generate a new stream of outgoing data packets that organize data from the data packets in a manner different than the incoming data packets. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, the offloaded processing can be resident in an intelligent switch, such as an intelligent switch upstream or downstream from an electronic trading platform.

CROSS-REFERENCE AND PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims priority to U.S. provisional patentapplication 61/790,254, filed Mar. 15, 2013, and entitled “OffloadProcessing of Data Packets”, the entire disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

This patent application is a continuation of PCT patent applicationPCT/US13/33889, filed Mar. 26, 2013, and entitled “Offload Processing ofData Packets”, which claims priority to (1) U.S. provisional patentapplication 61/616,181, filed Mar. 27, 2012, and entitled “OffloadProcessing of Data Packets Containing Financial Market Data” and (2)U.S. provisional patent application 61/790,254, filed Mar. 15, 2013, andentitled “Offload Processing of Data Packets”, the entire disclosures ofeach of which are incorporated herein by reference.

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/833,098, filed Mar. 15, 2013, and entitled“Offload Processing of Data Packets Containing Financial Market Data”,which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application 61/616,181,filed Mar. 27, 2012, and entitled “Offload Processing of Data PacketsContaining Financial Market Data”, the entire disclosures of both ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

This patent application is also related to (1) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. ______, filed this same day, and entitled “Offload Processingof Data Packets” (said patent application being identified by ThompsonCoburn Attorney Docket Number 57451-130116), (2) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. ______, filed this same day, and entitled “Offload Processingof Data Packets Containing Financial Market Data” (said patentapplication being identified by Thompson Coburn Attorney Docket Number57451-130128), and (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filedthis same day, and entitled “Intelligent Feed Switch” (said patentapplication being identified by Thompson Coburn Attorney Docket Number57451-130130).

INTRODUCTION

Accelerated data processing, particularly for data communicated overnetworks, is an ever present need in the art. This need is acutelypresent in the processing of financial market data to support thetrading of financial instruments. However, it should be understood thatthe need for accelerated data processing is also present for a widevariety of other applications.

The process of trading financial instruments may be viewed broadly asproceeding through a cycle as shown in FIG. 1. At the top of the cycleis the exchange which is responsible for matching up offers to buy andsell financial instruments. Exchanges disseminate market information,such as the appearance of new buy/sell offers and trade transactions, asstreams of events known as market data feeds. Trading firms receivemarket data from the various exchanges upon which they trade. Note thatmany traders manage diverse portfolios of instruments requiring them tomonitor the state of multiple exchanges. Utilizing the data receivedfrom the exchange feeds, trading systems make trading decisions andissue buy/sell orders to the financial exchanges. Orders flow into theexchange where they are inserted into a sorted “book” of orders,triggering the publication of one or more events on the market datafeeds.

In an attempt to promptly deliver financial information to interestedparties such as traders, a variety of electronic trading platforms havebeen developed for the purpose of ostensible “real time” delivery ofstreaming bid, offer, and trade information for financial instruments totraders. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary platform that is currentlyknown in the art. As shown in FIG. 2, the electronic trading platform200 comprises a plurality of functional units 202 that are configured tocarry out data processing operations such as the ones depicted in units202, whereby traders at workstations 204 have access to financial dataof interest and whereby trade information can be sent to variousexchanges or other outside systems via output path 210. The purpose anddetails of the functions performed by functional units 202 arewell-known in the art. A stream 206 of financial data arrives at thesystem 200 from an external source such as the exchanges themselves(e.g., NYSE, NASDAQ, etc.) over private data communication lines or fromextranet providers such as Savvis or BT Radians. The financial datasource stream 206 comprises a series of messages that individuallyrepresent a new offer to buy or sell a financial instrument, anindication of a completed sale of a financial instrument, notificationsof corrections to previously-reported sales of a financial instrument,administrative messages related to such transactions, and the like. Asused herein, a “financial instrument” refers to a contract representingequity ownership, debt or credit, typically in relation to a corporateor governmental entity, wherein the contract is saleable. Examples of“financial instruments” include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencytraded on currency markets, etc. but would not include cash or checks inthe sense of how those items are used outside financial trading markets(i.e., the purchase of groceries at a grocery store using cash or checkwould not be covered by the term “financial instrument” as used herein;similarly, the withdrawal of $100 in cash from an Automatic TellerMachine using a debit card would not be covered by the term “financialinstrument” as used herein). Functional units 202 of the system thenoperate on stream 206 or data derived therefrom to carry out a varietyof financial processing tasks. As used herein, the term “financialmarket data” refers to the data contained in or derived from a series ofmessages that individually represent a new offer to buy or sell afinancial instrument, an indication of a completed sale of a financialinstrument, notifications of corrections to previously-reported sales ofa financial instrument, administrative messages related to suchtransactions, and the like. The term “financial market source data”refers to a feed of financial market data directly from a data sourcesuch as an exchange itself or a third party provider (e.g., a Savvis orBT Radianz provider). The term “financial market secondary data” refersto financial market data that has been derived from financial marketsource data, such as data produced by a feed compression operation, afeed handling operation, an option pricing operation, etc.

Financial data applications require fast access to large volumes offinancial market data, and latency is an ever present technical problemin need of ever evolving solutions in the field of processing financialmarket data. As depicted in FIG. 2, the consumption, normalization,aggregation, and distribution of financial market data are key elementsin a system that processes financial market data. For a broad spectrumof applications, platform architects seek to minimize the latency ofmarket data processing and distribution, while minimizing the space andpower required to host the market data processing and distributionelements. As described in the following patents and patent application,significant performance, efficiency, and scalability improvements can beachieved by leveraging reconfigurable hardware devices and other typesof co-processors to integrate and consolidate market data consumption,normalization, aggregation, enrichment, and distribution functions: U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,840,482, 7,921,046, and 7,954,114 as well as the followingpublished patent applications: U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2007/0174841, U.S.Pat. App. Pub. 2007/0294157, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2008/0243675, U.S. Pat.App. Pub. 2009/0182683, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2009/0287628, U.S. Pat. App.Pub. 2011/0040701, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2011/0178911, U.S. Pat. App. Pub.2011/0178912, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2011/0178917, U.S. Pat. App. Pub.2011/0178918, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2011/0178919, U.S. Pat. App. Pub.2011/0178957, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2011/0179050, U.S. Pat. App. Pub.2011/0184844, WO Pub. WO 2010/077829, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0246052,and U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 61/570,670, entitled “Method and Apparatusfor Low Latency Data Distribution”, filed Dec. 14, 2011, the entiredisclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Theseconcepts can be extended to various market data processing tasks asdescribed in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patentapplications. Similarly, the above-referenced and incorporated Pat. App.Ser. No. 61/570,670 demonstrates how the systems responsible for thedistribution of real-time financial data can be greatly enhanced via theuse of novel communication protocols implemented in reconfigurablehardware devices and other types of co-processors.

In accordance with various embodiments disclosed herein, the inventorsfurther disclose various methods, apparatuses, and systems foroffloading the processing of data packets. In exemplary embodiments, thedata packets can be from feeds such as social network data feeds,content aggregation feeds, and machine-readable news feeds.

In additional exemplary embodiments, the data packets can containfinancial market data. In exemplary embodiments, various processingtasks are offloaded from an electronic trading platform to one or moreprocessors upstream or downstream from the electronic trading platform.It should be understood that the term upstream in this context is meantto identify a directional flow with respect to data that is moving to anelectronic trading platform, in which case an offload processor upstreamfrom the electronic trading platform would process financial market dataflowing toward the electronic trading platform. Similarly, in thiscontext downstream is meant to identify a directional flow with respectto data that is moving away from an electronic trading platform, inwhich case an offload processor downstream from the electronic tradingplatform would process financial market data flowing out of theelectronic trading platform.

In some embodiments, the offloaded processing can be moved into a datadistribution network, such as the data distribution network forfinancial market data. For example, one or more of the offloadedfinancial market data processing tasks described herein can beimplemented in one or more network elements of the data distributionnetwork, such as a switch within the data distribution network.Disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments where a number of market dataconsumption, normalization, aggregation, enrichment, and distributionfunctions can be embedded within the elements that comprise the marketdata feed network 214. Conceptually, these embodiments offloadprocessing tasks typically performed by downstream processing elements202 such as feed handlers and virtual order books. The inventors alsodisclose a number of market data distribution functions that can beembedded within the network elements that comprise the financialapplication data network 208. Conceptually, these embodimentseffectively offload processing tasks typically performed by tickerplants, messaging middleware, and downstream applications. Offloadingthese tasks from traditional platform components and embedding them innetwork elements may obviate some platform components, improve theperformance of some components, reduce the total amount of space andpower required by the platform, achieve higher system throughput, anddeliver lower latency market data to consuming applications.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will beapparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon review of theteachings in the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary process cycle for trading financialinstruments.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary electronic trading platform.

FIGS. 3-6 illustrate exemplary embodiments for offload processors thatprovide repackaging functionality.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary system where an offload processor isdeployed upstream from one or more electronic trading platform(s).

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary system where an intelligent feed switchis positioned within the market data feed network of an electronictrading platform.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary system where conventional switches areused to aggregate financial market data feeds for delivery to anintelligent feed switch.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system where conventional switches areused to aggregate financial market data feeds for delivery to multipleintelligent feed switches.

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary electronic trading platform with anintelligent feed switch deployed in the market data network.

FIG. 12 illustrates the system of FIG. 11 including a logical diagram offunctions performed by a typical feed handler in an electronic tradingplatform.

FIG. 13 illustrates the system of FIG. 11 but where several functionsare offloaded from the feed handler to the intelligent feed switch.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary electronic trading platform thatincludes one or more ticker plant components.

FIG. 15 illustrates the system of FIG. 14 but where several functionsare offloaded from a ticker plant to the intelligent feed switch.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary system where latency-sensitive tradingapplications consume data directly from an intelligent feed switch.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of redundant feed arbitration.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a line arbitration offload engine.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a packet mapping offload engine.

FIG. 20 illustrates an exemplary processing module configured to performsymbol-routing and repackaging.

FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary intelligent feed switch that providesmultiple ports of 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.

FIG. 22 illustrates an exemplary intelligent feed switch wherein theswitch device is replaced by another FPGA device with a dedicated memorycache.

FIG. 23 illustrates an exemplary intelligent feed switch wherein asingle FPGA device is utilized.

FIG. 24 illustrates an exemplary intelligent distribution switchpositioned downstream of market data normalization components in anelectronic trading platform.

FIG. 25 illustrates an exemplary intelligent distribution switch thathosts one or more distribution functions.

FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary system where a feed handler isconfigured terminate a TCP connection.

FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary intelligent feed switch that isconfigured to implement TCP termination logic.

FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary engine that provides symbol and ordermapping.

FIGS. 29-32 illustrate exemplary embodiments for offload processors thatprovide repackaging functionality with respect to nonfinancial data.

FIG. 33 illustrates an exemplary system where an offload processor isdeployed upstream from multiple data consumers.

FIG. 34 depicts an exemplary intelligent feed switch for processingnonfinancial data.

FIG. 35 depicts an exemplary process flow that can be implemented by theintelligent feed switch of FIG. 34.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A. Offload Processor:

Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, the inventors disclose that an offloadprocessor can be configured to process incoming data packets, where eachof at least a plurality of the incoming data packets contain a pluralityof financial market data messages, and wherein the financial market datamessages comprise a plurality of data fields describing financial marketdata for a plurality of financial instruments. Thus, the payload of eachincoming data packet can comprise one or more financial market datamessages. Such an offload processor can filter and repackage thefinancial market data into outgoing data packets where the financialmarket data that is grouped into outgoing data packets is grouped usinga criterion different than the criterion upon which financial marketdata was grouped into the incoming data packets. This permits theoffload processor to serve a valuable role in generating a new set ofcustomized outgoing data packets from incoming data packets. In variousexemplary embodiments of such an offload processor, the offloadprocessor can alleviate the processing burden on the downstreamelectronic trading platform(s).

Examples of such an offload processor are shown in FIGS. 3-6. FIG. 3depicts an exemplary offload processor 300 that is configured to receiveas an input a consolidated stream of incoming data packets fromdifferent financial markets. As shown in FIG. 3, each incoming datapacket has a payload that contains multiple financial market datamessages from the same financial market. Thus, a plurality of financialmarket data messages from the feed for Financial Market 1 (e.g., NYSE)are combined in the same packet (e.g., where financial market datamessage FMDM1(Mkt 1) is a new offer to buy stock for Company A from theNYSE, FMDM2(Mkt 1) is a new offer to sell stock for Company B from theNYSE, and where FMDM3(Mkt 1) is a notification of a completed trade onstock for Company C from the NYSE), while a plurality of financialmarket data messages from the feed for Financial Market 2 (e.g., NASDAQ)are combined in the same packet, and so on. The offload processor 300performs financial market data filtering and repackaging betweenincoming and outgoing data packets such that the outgoing financialmarket data packets contain financial market data messages that areorganized using a different criterion. Thus, the offload processorfilters and sorts the financial market data from the different marketsby a criterion such as which downstream data consumers have expressed aninterest in such financial market data. In this fashion, the offloadprocessor 300 can mix payload portions of incoming data packets on acriterion-specific basis to generate outgoing data packets with newlyorganized payloads. For example, data consumer A may have an interest inall new messages relating a particular set of financial instruments(e.g., IBM stock, Apple stock, etc.) regardless of which market servedas the source of the messages on such instruments. Another dataconsumer, Consumer B, may have similar interests in a different set offinancial instruments. In such a case, the offload processor can beconfigured to re-group the financial market data into the outgoing datapackets around the interests of particular downstream consumers. Thus,FIG. 3 also shows outgoing data packets that are consumer-specific. Ascan be seen, the payloads of these consumer-specific data packetscomprise financial market data messages from different markets thatarrived in different incoming data packets.

Exemplary processing pipelines that can be employed by the offloadprocessor to provide such sorting and repackaging functions aredescribed below in connection with FIGS. 13, 15, and 20. In anotherexemplary embodiment, an offload processor can be configured to performpacket mapping functions on incoming data packets from various financialmarket data feeds.

FIG. 4 depicts another exemplary embodiment of an offload processor 300that provides repackaging functionality. In the example of FIG. 4, theoffload processor receives a plurality of streams of incoming datapackets, where each stream may be market-specific (e.g., an input streamof data packets from the NYSE on a first port and an input stream ofdata packets from NASDAQ on a second port). The offload processor 300 ofFIG. 4 can then repackage the financial market data in these incomingdata packets into outgoing data packets as previously discussed.

FIG. 5 depicts another exemplary embodiment of an offload processor 300that provides repackaging functionality. In the example of FIG. 5, theoffload processor produces multiple output streams of outgoing datapackets, where each output stream may be criterion-specific (e.g., anoutput stream of data packets destined for Consumer A from a first portand an output stream of data packets destined for Consumer B from asecond port, and so on). The stream of incoming data packets can be aconsolidated stream as described in connection with FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 depicts another exemplary embodiment of an offload processor 300that provides repackaging functionality. In the example of FIG. 6, theoffload processor produces multiple output streams of outgoing datapackets from multiple input streams of incoming data packets, where theinput streams can be like those shown in FIG. 4 while the output streamscan be like those shown in FIG. 5.

The output streams produced by the offload processor in FIGS. 3, 4, 5,and 6 may be delivered by a unicast protocol (a unique stream for eachconsumer) or a multicast protocol (multiple consumers of the samestream). In the case of a unicast protocol, the consumer-specific outputpackets would contain the address of the targeted consumer. In the caseof a multicast protocol, the consumer-specific output packets wouldcontain the address of the targeted group of consumers (e.g. a UDPmulticast address). It should be understood that multiple outputstreams, unicast or multicast, may be carried on a single network link.The number of network links used to carry the output streams produced bythe offload processor may be selected independently of the number ofunique output streams.

The offload processor 300 can take any of a number of forms, includingone or more general purpose processors (GPPs), reconfigurable logicdevices (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), graphics processingunits (GPUs), and chip multiprocessors (CMPs), as well as combinationsthereof.

As used herein, the term “general-purpose processor” (or GPP) refers toa hardware device having a fixed form and whose functionality isvariable, wherein this variable functionality is defined by fetchinginstructions and executing those instructions, of which a conventionalcentral processing unit (CPU) is a common example. Exemplary embodimentsof GPPs include an Intel Xeon processor and an AMD Opteron processor. Asused herein, the term “reconfigurable logic” refers to any logictechnology whose form and function can be significantly altered (i.e.,reconfigured) in the field post-manufacture. This is to be contrastedwith a GPP, whose function can change post-manufacture, but whose formis fixed at manufacture. Furthermore, as used herein, the term“software” refers to data processing functionality that is deployed on aGPP or other processing devices, wherein software cannot be used tochange or define the form of the device on which it is loaded, while theterm “firmware”, as used herein, refers to data processing functionalitythat is deployed on reconfigurable logic or other processing devices,wherein firmware may be used to change or define the form of the deviceon which it is loaded.

Thus, in embodiments where the offload processor 300 comprises areconfigurable logic device such as an FPGA, hardware logic will bepresent on the device that permits fine-grained parallelism with respectto the different operations that the offload processor performs, therebyproviding the offload processor with the ability to operate at hardwareprocessing speeds that are orders of magnitude faster than would bepossible through software execution on a GPP. Moreover, by leveragingsuch fine-grained parallelism, processing tasks can be intelligentlyengineered into processing pipelines deployed as firmware in thehardware logic on the FPGA. With such a pipeline, downstream pipelinemodules can perform a processing task on data that was previouslyprocessed by upstream pipelined modules while the upstream pipelinemodules are simultaneously performing other processing tasks on newdata, thereby providing tremendous throughput gains. Furthermore, othertypes of offload processors that provide parallelized processingcapabilities can also contribute to improved latency and throughput.

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary system where the offload processor 300 isdeployed upstream from one or more electronic trading platform(s)(ETP(s)) 700. Each ETP 700 may include one or more data consumers withinit, and the outgoing data packets from the offload processor 300 can becustomized to each consumer.

Furthermore, in additional exemplary embodiments, the offload processorcan perform other functions in addition to or instead of the repackagingoperations illustrated by FIGS. 3-6. For example, the offload processorcan be configured to perform packet mapping as described below inconnection with FIG. 19.

As noted, when positioned upstream from an electronic trading platform,the offload processor can be employed in a network element resident in adata distribution network for financial market data. Examples of networkelements include repeaters, switches, routers, and firewalls. A repeaterembodiment, a single input port and single output port device, may beviewed as a “smart” link where data is processed as it flows through thenetwork link. In a preferred embodiment, such a network element can be anetwork switch. As such, the inventors disclose various embodiments of anetwork switch that offloads various processing tasks from electronictrading platforms, including embodiments of an intelligent feed switchand embodiments of an intelligent distribution switch, as describedbelow.

B. Intelligent Feed Switch:

A common practice in financial exchange and electronic trading platformarchitecture is to achieve greater scale by “striping the data” acrossmultiple instances of the platform components responsible for datatransmission, consumption, and processing. If the data is imagined toflow vertically through a depiction of the overall system, then thisapproach to scale is often termed “horizontal scaling”. This approach isaccepted in the industry as the most viable approach from an overallplatform perspective, as the escalating rate of market data messages(doubling every 6 to 11 months) is outpacing the technology improvementsavailable to individual components in the platform.

In order to facilitate data striping, some feed sources (typicallyexchanges) divide a market data feed into multiple “lines” where a givenline caries a proper subset of the market data published by thefinancial exchange. Typically, all of the market data updates associatedwith a given financial instrument is transmitted on a single line. Theassignment of a given financial instrument to a line may be static ordynamic. Static assignments typically partition the set of instrumentsby using the starting characters in an instrument symbol and assigningan alphabet range to a given line. For example, consider a feedpartitioned into four lines. Line 0 carries updates for financialinstruments whose symbol begins with letters “A” through “F”; line 1carries updates for symbols beginning with letters “G” through “M”; line2 carries updates for symbols beginning with letters “N” through “S”;line 3 carries updates for symbols beginning with letters “T” through“Z”. Dynamic line assignments are typically performed as follows. Astatic mapping line transmits information to feed consumerscommunicating the number of data lines, the address(es) of the datalines, and the mapping of financial instruments to each data line.

Similarly, financial exchanges typically enforce striping across theports provided for order entry. A financial exchange provides multiplecommunication ports to which market participants establish connectionsand enter orders to electronically buy and sell financial instruments.Exchanges define the subset of financial instruments for which ordersare accepted on a given port. Typically, exchanges statically define thesubset of financial instruments by using the starting character(s) inthe instrument symbol. They assign an alphabet range to a given port.For example, consider an exchange that provides four ports to a givenparticipant. Port 0 accepts orders for financial instruments whosesymbol begins with letters “A” through “F”; port 1 accepts orders forsymbols beginning with letters “G” through “M”; port 2 accepts ordersfor symbols beginning with letters “N” through “S”; port 3 acceptsorders for symbols beginning with letters “T” through “Z”.

The striping of data by exchanges, across multiple market data feedlines as well as multiple order entry ports, dictates a horizontallyscaled architecture for electronic trading platforms. Tradingapplications are typically responsible for trading a subset of thefinancial instruments. Each application consumes the market data updatesassociated with its subset of financial instruments and generate ordersfor those instruments. Implementing a horizontally scaled system isstraightforward for a platform that receives data from and transmitsorders to a single market. The design task is significantly complicatedwhen the trading platform receives data from multiple exchanges,computes pan-market views of financial instruments, and transmits ordersto multiple exchanges.

Each market data feed source implements its own striping strategy. Notethat some market data feeds are not striped at all and employ a singleline. The subsets of financial instruments associated with the lines onone market data feed may be different from the subsets of financialinstruments associated with the lines on another market data feed.Therefore, the updates associated with financial instruments processedby a given component can be sourced from different sets of lines fromeach market data feed. These factors significantly complicate the marketdata processing and distribution components that are responsible fordelivering normalized market data to downstream applications, especiallywhen composite, pan-market views of financial instruments are required.

Disclosed herein are multiple variants of an Intelligent Feed Switch(IFS) that offloads numerous market data consumption, normalization,aggregation, enrichment, and distribution functions from downstreamcomponents such as feed handlers, virtual order books, or moregenerally, ticker plants. The specific functions performed by variantsof the IFS are described in the sections below. As previously mentioned,utilizing an IFS in the market data feed network provides performance,efficiency, functionality, and scalability benefits to electronictrading platforms.

1. IFS Architecture:

The IFS can be implemented on a wide variety of platforms that providethe necessary processing and memory resources, switching resources, andmultiple physical network ports. Just as network switches can be builtat various scales, two ports up to thousands of ports, the IFS can bescaled to meet the needs of electronic trading platforms of varyingscale. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21, the IFS provides multipleports of 10 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity, in addition to a 10/100/1000Ethernet port for management and control. An FPGA that is residentwithin the switch can provide fine-grained parallel processing resourcesfor offload engines as previously noted. The memory cache providesdedicated high-speed memory resources for the offload engines residenton the FPGA. The memory cache may be implemented in Synchronous DynamicRandom Access Memory (SDRAM), Synchronous Random Access Memory (SRAM), acombination of the two, or other known memory technologies. A dedicatedEthernet switch ASIC increases the port count of the IFS using existing,commodity switching devices and allows traffic to bypass the offloadengines in the FPGA. The FPGA is directly connected to the switchingdevice by consuming one or more ports on the switching device. Theamount of communication bandwidth between the FPGA and switching devicecan be scaled by increasing the number of ports dedicated to theinterface. The FPGA may also provide one or more ports for externalconnectivity, adding to the total number of ports available on the IFS.In addition to providing standard protocol connectivity, e.g. Ethernet,the ports that are directly connected to the FPGA can be leveraged toimplement custom protocols. For example, if multiple Intelligent FeedSwitches are interconnected, the FPGAs inside the switches may implementa custom protocol that eliminates unnecessary overhead. Similarly, if acustom Network Interface Card (NIC) containing an FPGA directlyconnected to the physical network port(s) is used in a server connectedto the IFS, a custom protocol can be employed between the IFS and theserver. The control processor provides general purpose processingresources to control software. A standard operating system (OS) such asLinux is installed on the control processor. Configuration, control, andmonitoring software interfaces with the FPGA device via a standardsystem bus, preferably PCI Express. The control processor also featuresa system bus interface to the switch device.

FIG. 22 shows another embodiment of the IFS wherein the switch device isreplaced by another FPGA device with a dedicated memory cache. Note thatthe peer-to-peer (P2P) interface between the FPGA devices need notutilize a standard network protocol, such as Ethernet, but may use alow-overhead protocol for communicating over high speed deviceinterconnects. This architecture increases the amount of processingresources available for offload functions and allows custom networkprotocols to be supported on any port. Also note that additional FPGAscan be interconnected to scale the number of external ports provided bythe IFS.

FIG. 23 shows another embodiment of the IFS wherein a single FPGA deviceis utilized. This architecture can minimize cost and complexity. Thenumber of physical ports supported is subject to the capabilities of theselected FPGA device. Note that some devices include embedded generalpurpose processors capable of hosting configuration, control, andmonitoring applications.

Note that other processing resources such as chip multi-processors(CMPs), graphics processing units (GPUs), and network processing units(NPUs) may be used in lieu of an FPGA. An example of a network switchplatform that may suitable for use as an intelligent switch to processfinancial market data is the Arista Application Switch 7124FX fromArista Networks, Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif.

2. Platform Architecture with IFS:

As shown in FIG. 8, the IFS can be positioned within the market datafeed network of the electronic trading platform. In some market datanetworks, a single IFS may be capable of providing the required numberof switch ports, processing capacity, and data throughput. The number ofswitch ports required depends on the number of physical network linkscarrying input market data feeds and the number of physical networklinks connecting to downstream platform components. The amount ofprocessing capacity required depends on the tasks performed by the IFSand the requirements imposed by the input market data feeds. The datathroughput depends on the aggregate data rates of input market datafeeds and aggregate data rates of output streams delivered to platformcomponents.

If the aforementioned requirements exceed the capacity of a single IFS,then a multi-element network can be constructed that includes the IFS.As shown in FIG. 9, multiple conventional switch elements can be used toaggregate the data from the physical network links carrying market datafeeds. For example, a conventional switch could be used to aggregatedata from forty (40) 1 Gigabit Ethernet links into four (4) 10 GigabitEthernet links for transfer to the IFS. This reduces the number ofupstream ports required by the IFS. As shown in FIG. 10, multipleIntelligent Feed Switches can be used if the requirements exceed thecapacity of a single IFS. In this example, multiple IFS elements consumeaggregated data from upstream conventional switches, then distributedata to downstream platform elements. The network architectures in FIGS.9 and 10 are exemplary but not exhaustive. The IFS can be combined withother switch elements to form large networks, as is well-known in theart.

FIG. 11 presents a simplified diagram of a conventional electronictrading platform with an IFS deployed in the market data network. Inthis arrangement, the IFS offloads one or more functions from thedownstream feed handler components. FIG. 12 provides a logical diagramof the functions performed by a typical feed handler in a conventionalelectronic trading platform. A description of the specific functions andhow they can be offloaded to the IFS are described in detail in thesections below. FIG. 13 provides a logical diagram of a conventionalelectronic trading platform with numerous feed handler functionperformed by the IFS. Note that the only remaining functions performedby the feed handler components are message parsing, business logic andmessage normalization, and subscription-based distribution. Note that welater describe an embodiment capable of further offloading the feedhandler components from subscription-based distribution. Existing feedhandler components can thus receive substantial benefits with nomodification by simply having less data to process. Moreover, with asubstantially reduced workload, feed handler components can also bere-engineered to be more simple, efficient, and performant. As a resultthe number of discrete feed handler components required by theelectronic trading platform can be substantially reduced. The latencyassociated with market data normalization and distribution can besubstantially reduced, resulting in advantages for latency-sensitivetrading applications. Furthermore, the amount of space and powerrequired to host the electronic trading platform can be substantiallyreduced, resulting in simplified system monitoring and maintenance aswell as reduced cost.

FIG. 14 presents a simplified diagram of an electronic trading platformthat includes one or more ticker plant components that integratemultiple components in the conventional electronic trading platform. Anexample of an integrated ticker plant component that leverages hardwareacceleration and offload engines is described in the above-referencedand incorporated patents and patent applications (see, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 7,921,046, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2009/0182683, and WO Pub. WO2010/077829). Even integrated ticker plant components such as these canbenefit from offloading functions to an IFS. As shown in FIG. 15, theIFS can offload the feed handling tasks reflected in FIG. 13, as well asadditional functions such as price aggregation, event caching,top-of-book quote generation, and data quality monitoring. A descriptionof these functions and how they can be offloaded to an IFS is providedin subsequent sections. Offloading these functions can boost thecapacity of an integrated ticker plant component, reducing the need tohorizontally scale. An IFS can also simplify the task of horizontallyscaling with multiple integrated ticker plant components. For example,consider a platform architecture where three ticker plant components areused and horizontal scaling is achieved by striping the symbol rangeacross the ticker plant components. The first ticker plant isresponsible for processing updates for instrument symbols beginning withcharacters “A” through “H”. The IFS is capable of ensuring that thefirst ticker plant only receives updates for the assigned set ofinstruments by performing the symbol routing and repackaging functionsdepicted in FIG. 15. Note that other functions predicate the symbolrouting function as described subsequently. Striping the data in thisway allows each ticker plant component to retain the ability to computecomposite, or pan-market, views of financial instruments. Examples ofhardware-accelerated processing modules for computing composite quoteand order book views are described in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046 and WO Pub. WO 2010/077829.

Some latency-sensitive trading applications require minimal datanormalization in order to drive their trading strategies. Some of theseapplications may be able to directly consume data from an IFS, as shownin FIG. 16. This eliminates additional network hops and processing fromthe datapath, thus reducing the latency of the data delivered to theapplications. This latency reduction can provide advantages to theselatency-sensitive trading applications. Furthermore, one or more of suchlatency-sensitive trading applications that consume data directly fromthe IFS can also be optionally configured to consume data from thedistribution network to also receive normalized market data from aticker plant such as a hardware-accelerated low latency ticker plant(see the dashed connection in FIG. 16). An example of a situation wheresuch an arrangement would be highly advantageous would be when a tradingapplication takes ultra-low-latency data from a direct feed (e.g., inthe same data center) for a local market, as well as data sourced from aconsolidated feed for remote markets, such as a futures or foreignexchange market in a different country.

As shown in FIG. 8, the IFS is positioned within the market data feednetwork, and represents the physical embodiment of that network.

3. Packet Mapping:

As shown in FIGS. 13 and 15, the IFS may be configured to offload one ormore functions from downstream feed consumers. The same set of functionsmay not be performed for every feed flowing through the IFS.Furthermore, the way in which each function is performed may vary byfeed, as feed sources employ different message formats, fieldidentifiers, datatypes, compression schemes, packet formats,transmission protocols, etc. In order to correctly perform theprescribed functions on a given packet, the IFS must first identify thefeed to which a given packet belongs, then retrieve the necessaryinformation about how packets belonging to the given feed are to behandled. In order to do so, the IFS preferably maintains a mapping tableusing a tuple such as the IP <source address, destination address,protocol> tuple to identify the feed to which a packet belongs(additional optional members of the tuple may include a source portnumber, a destination port number, and a transport protocol portnumber). Preferably, the embedded processor in the IFS utilizes a hashtable, where the <source address, destination address, protocol> tupleis used as input to the hash function. However, a content addressablememory (CAM) is another alternative to a hash table for the packetmapping operation. In a hashing embodiment, preferably, a controlprocessor in the IFS configures the hash function and maintains the hashtable. At minimum in this example, the entry in the table contains afeed identifier. The additional information about how packets belongingto the feed should be handled may be stored directly in the hash table,or in a separate table indexed by the feed identifier. The additionalinformation may include one or more of the following pieces ofmeta-data:

-   -   Market identification code (MIC); a unique identifier for the        exchange/market. Preferably, this code would be a binary        enumeration of the ISO 10383 market identification codes (MIC)        for the markets supported by the IFS. For example, XNYS is the        MIC for the New York Stock Exchange which may be assigned an        enumerated value in order to consume minimal space in the        meta-data table and pre-normalized messages.    -   Data source identification code (DSIC); a unique identifier for        the specific feed. Note that multiple feeds may carry market        updates for the same market. For example, updates for equities        traded on the NYSE are reported by multiple feeds: the        Consolidated Quote System (CQS), Consolidated Tape System (CTS),        NYSE Quotes, NYSE Trades, NYSE OpenBook Ultra, etc. Each feed,        or data source, is assigned a unique tag. Similar to the market        codes, the data source codes are assigned an enumerated value in        order to consume minimal space in the meta-data table and        pre-normalized messages.    -   Line identification code (LIC); a unique identifier for the        specific line within the feed. Similar to the MIC and DSIC, each        unique line is assigned a unique tag. The line identifiers        configured on the IFS are preferably assigned an enumerated        value in order to consume minimal space in the meta-data table        and pre-normalized messages.    -   A flag indicating if the feed utilizes FIX/FAST encoding    -   FAST decoding templates (if necessary), or template specifying        how to parse the packet into messages    -   FIX decoding templates, or template specifying how to parse        messages into fields    -   Template specifying field datatype conversions to perform    -   Field identifiers and/or offsets for fields comprising the        instrument symbol    -   Field identifier or offset for message sequence number (if        necessary)

This meta-information can be propagated to downstream offload engines inthe IFS, along with the packet, as shown in FIG. 19. The configuration,control, and table management logic configures the hash function andtable entries. This logic is preferable hosted on a co-resident controlprocessor, preferably as a pipelined processing engine.

4. Redundant Feed Arbitration:

In order to allow a market data feed to be routed across multiplenetworks, the Internet Protocol (IP) is ubiquitously used as the networkprotocol for market data feed distribution. Feed sources typicallyemploy one of two transport protocols: Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) or Unreliable Datagram Protocol (UDP).

TCP provides a reliable point-to-point connection between the feedsource and the feed consumer. Feed consumers initiate a connection withthe feed source, and the feed source must transmit a copy of all marketdata updates to each feed consumer. Usage of TCP places a large datareplication load on the feed source, therefore it is typically used forlower bandwidth feeds and/or feeds with a restricted set of consumers.As shown in FIG. 26, a feed handler can terminate the TCP connection,passing along the payload of the TCP packets to the packet parsing anddecoding logic. Implementation of the TCP receive logic is commonlyprovided by the Operating System (OS) or network interface adapter ofthe system upon which the feed handler is running. Typically, redundantTCP connections are not used for financial market data transmission, asTCP provides reliable transmission.

UDP does not provide reliable transmission, but does include multicastcapability. Multicast allows the sender to transmit a single copy of adatagram to multiple consumers. Multicast leverages network elements toperform the necessary datagram replication. An additional protocolallows multicast consumers to “join” a multicast “group” by specifyingthe multicast address assigned to the “group”. The sender sends a singledatagram to the group address and intermediary network elementsreplicate the datagram as necessary in order to pass a copy of thedatagram to the output ports associated with consumers that have joinedthe multicast group.

While providing for efficient data distribution, UDP multicast is notreliable. Datagrams can be lost in transit for a number of reasons:congestion within a network element causes the datagram to be dropped, afault in a network link corrupts one or more datagrams transiting thelink, etc. While there have been numerous reliable multicast protocolsproposed from academia and industry, none have found widespreadadoption. Most market data feed sources that utilize UDP multicasttransmit redundant copies of the feed, an “A side” and a “B side”. Notethat more than two copies are possible. For each “line” of the feed,there is a dedicated multicast group, an “A” multicast group and a “B”multicast group. Typically, the feed source ensures that each copy ofthe feed is transmitted by independent systems, and feed consumersensure that each copy of the feed transits an independent network path.Feed consumers then perform arbitration to recover from data loss on oneof the redundant copies of the feed.

Note that a packet may contain one or more market data update messagesfor one or more financial instruments. Typically, feed sources assign amonotonically increasing sequence number to each packet transmitted on agiven “line”. This simplifies the task of detecting data loss on a givenline. If the most recently received packet contains a sequence number of5893, then the sequence number of the next packet should be 5894. Whenusing redundant UDP multicast groups, feed sources typically transmitidentical packets on the redundant multicast groups associated with aline. For example, packet sequence number 3839 on the A and B side ofthe feed contains the same market data update messages in the sameorder. This simplifies the arbitration process for feed consumers.

FIG. 17 provides a simple example of redundant feed arbitration. Thesequence of packets for a single pair of redundant lines is shown. Timeprogresses vertically, with packet 5894 received first from line 1A,packet 5895 received second from line 1A, etc. A line arbiter forwardsthe packet with the next sequence number, regardless of which “side” thepacket arrives on. When the redundant copy of the packet is received onthe other side, it is dropped. As depicted in FIG. 17, one of theredundant sides typically delivers a packet consistently prior to theother side. If the arbiter receives a packet with a sequence numbergreater than the expected sequence number, it detects a gap on one ofthe redundant lines. The arbiter can be configured to wait a configuredhold time to see if the missing packet is delivered by the other side.The difference between the arrival times of copies of the same packet onthe redundant lines is referred to as the line skew. In order to beeffective, the hold time can be configured to be greater than theaverage line skew. If the missing packet does arrive on the redundantside prior to the expiration of the hold time, then a gap is registeredfor the particular feed line.

When line gaps occur there are a number of recovery and mitigationstrategies that can be employed. The arbiter typically reports themissing sequence numbers to a separate component that manages gapmitigation and recovery. If the feed provides retransmissioncapabilities, then the arbiter may buffer packets on both sides untilthe missing packets are returned by the gap recovery component.

Some feeds sequence updates on a per-message basis or aper-message/per-instrument basis. In these cases, a packet sequencenumber may not be monotonically increasing or may not be present at all.Typically, arbitration is performed among one or more copies of a UDPmulticast feed; however, arbitration can occur among copies of the feeddelivered via different transmission protocols (UDP, TCP, etc.). Inthese scenarios, the content of packets on the redundant copies of thefeed may not be identical. The transmitter of packets on the A side maypacketize the sequence of market data update messages differently fromthe transmitter on the B side. This requires the IFS to parse packetsprior to performing the arbitration function.

The line identification code (LIC) provided in the meta-data associatedwith the packet allows the IFS to perform the appropriate linearbitration actions for a given packet. If the packet belongs to anunarbitrated TCP flow, then the packet may bypass the line arbitrationand gap detection engine. If the line requires dictates arbitration atthe message-level as opposed to the packet level, then the IFS firstroutes the packet to parsing and decoding engines. The line arbitrationand gap detection function may be performed by multiple parallelengines. The LIC may also be used to the route the packet to theappropriate engine handling arbitration for the associated feed line.Furthermore, the LIC is used to identify the appropriate arbitrationbuffer into which the packet should be inserted.

FIG. 18 provides an example of a line arbitration offload engine, whichis preferably implemented in a pipelined processing engine. For eachinput line, the arbiter maintains a packet buffer to store the packetsreceived from the redundant sides of the feed line. The example in FIG.18 demonstrates two-arbitration; additional buffers are provisioned ifmulti-way arbitration is performed. For feeds transmitted via UDP, it ispossible for packets on a given multicast group to be delivered inout-of-sequence, if the packets traverse different paths through thenetwork. The packet buffers in the arbiter may optionally provide forresequencing by inserting each new packet in the proper sequence in thebuffer. Typically market data networks are carefully designed tominimize latency and tightly control routing, thus out-of-sequencedelivery is typically not a problem. Thus, arbiter functions typicallyomit resequencing to reduce overhead and complexity.

The compare, select and drop logic in the arbiter performs the corearbitration function as previously described. A register is used tomaintain the next expected sequence number. The logic compares thesequence number of the packet residing at the head of each packetbuffer. If a matching sequence number is found, the packet is forwarded.If the sequence number is less than the expected sequence number, thepacket is dropped. If the sequence number is greater than the expectedsequence number, the other buffer or buffers are examined for therequired packet. Note that this may require that multiple packets beread until a match is found, the buffer is empty, or a gap is detected.If a gap is detected the gap detection and reporting logic resets thenstarts the wait timer. If the expected packet sequence number does notarrive before the wait timer exceeds the value in the max hold timeregister, then a gap is reported to the gap mitigation and recoveryengine with the missing packet sequence number range. Note that the gapdetection and reporting logic may also report gap information to acontrol processor or to downstream monitoring applications via generatedmonitoring messages. If the gap mitigation and recovery engine isconfigured to request retransmissions, then the arbiter pauses until thegap mitigation and recovery engine passes the missing packet or packetsto the arbiter or returns a retransmission timeout signal. The gapmitigation and recovery engine may be hosted on the same device as thearbiter, or it may be hosted on a control processor within the IFS.

As shown in FIG. 27, the IFS may implement TCP termination logic inorder to offload feed handler processing for feeds utilizing TCP forreliable transmission. Implementation of TCP consumer logic, includingimplementation in custom hardware logic, is available from hardwarelogic block vendors that supply TCP hardware stack modules (e.g.,firmware modules that perform TCP endpoint functionality, such as PLDA,Embedded Design Studio, HiTech Global, etc. Note that TCP feedsprocessed by the TCP termination logic can bypass the line arbitrationand gap detection component, as redundant TCP stream are not typicallyused. By terminating the TCP connection in the IFS, the IFS caneffectively provide protocol transformation upstream from the feedhandler. The output protocol can be a protocol such as UDP unicast ormulticast, raw Ethernet, or a Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)protocol implemented over Ethernet (e.g., RoCE).

5. Feed Pre-Normalization:

In addition to performing line arbitration and gap detection,mitigation, and recovery, the IFS can perform one or more“pre-normalization” functions in order to simplify the task ofdownstream consumers. Following line arbitration, the IFS preferablydecomposes packets into discrete messages. As previously described, feedsources typically pack multiple update messages in a single packet. Notethat each feed may employ a different packetization strategy, therefore,the pre-normalization engine in the IFS utilizes the packet parsingtemplates retrieved by the packet mapping engine. Packet parsingtechniques amenable to implementation in hardware and parallelprocessors are known in the art as described in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046. If the feed associated with thepacket utilizes FAST compression, then the pre-normalization engine mustutilize the FAST decoding template in order to decompress and parse thepacket into individual messages, as described in the above-referencedand incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046.

Once the packet is parsed into discrete messages, specific fields may beextracted from the messages in order to enable additionalpre-normalization functions. Template-based parsing in offload enginesis also addressed in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. Pat. No.7,921,046. Discrete messages and message fields are passed to downstreamfunctions. Note that the message parsing engine may only extractspecific fields required for downstream functions, as dictated by thetemplates included in the meta-data for the packet. For example, theparser may only extract the symbol field in order to enable symbol-basedrouting and repackaging. For some feeds, the symbol mapping function mayrequire extraction of the order reference number in book update events.This can also be specified by the parsing template.

Note that the message parsing logic can be configured to preserve theoriginal structure of the message. Extracted fields, such as symbols andorder reference numbers, can be added to the meta-data that accompaniesthe packet as it propagates through the IFS. By preserving the messagestructure, downstream consumer applications need not be changed when anIFS is introduced in the market data network. For example, an existingfeed handler for the NASDAQ TotalView feed need not change, as theformat of the messages it processes still conforms to the feedspecification. If the symbol-routing and repackaging function isapplied, the existing feed handler will simply receive packets withmessages associated with the symbol range for which it is responsible,but the message formats will conform to the exchange specification. Thisfunction is described in more detail below.

The pre-normalization logic can also be configured to offloadnormalization logic from downstream consumers. For example, the parsinglogic can be configured to perform FAST decompression and FIX parsing.Per the parsing templates in the meta-data, the fields in each messagecan be configured to a prescribed native data type. For example, anASCII-encoded price field can be converted into a signed 32-bit integer,an ASCII-encoded string can be mapped to a binary index value, etc. Thetype-converted fields can then be aligned on byte or word boundaries inorder to facilitate efficient consumption by consumers. Thepre-normalization logic can maintain a table of downstream consumerscapable of receiving the pre-normalized version of the feed. Forexample, the IFS may transmit pre-normalized messages on ports 3 through8, but transmit the raw messages on ports 9 through 12.

For some feeds, the IFS can be configured to append fields to the rawmessage, allowing consuming applications to be extended to leverage theadditional fields to reap performance gains, without disrupting thefunction of existing consumers. For example, the IFS may append the MIC,DSIC, LIC, and binary symbol index to the message. Additional appendedfields may include, but are not limited to, message-based sequencenumbers and high-resolution IFS transmit timestamps.

As previously mentioned, the IFS can be configured to perform a symbolmapping function. The symbol mapping function assigns a binary symbolindex to the financial instrument associated with the update event. Thisindex provides a convenient way for downstream functions and consumingapplications to perform processing on a per symbol basis. An efficienttechnique for mapping instrument symbols using parallel processingresources in offload engines is described in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046. Note that some feeds provideupdates on a per-order basis and some update events do not contain theinstrument symbol, but only an order reference number. As shown in FIG.28, feed consumers can maintain a table of active orders in order to mapan order reference number to an active order to buy or sell thefinancial instrument identified by the associated symbol. Note thatevents that report a new active order include a reference to the symbolfor the financial instrument. In this case, the symbol is mapped to asymbol ID. The order information and symbol ID are then added to theactive order table. When subsequent order-referenced modify or deleteevents (that do not contain a symbol)_are received, the order referencenumber is used to lookup the order's entry in the active order tablethat includes the symbol ID. Thus, as shown in FIG. 28, a demultiplexer(DEMUR) can receive streaming parsed messages that include a symbolreference or an order reference to identify a message or event type.This type data can determine whether the parsed message is passed to theoutput line feeding the symbol lookup operation or the output linefeeding the order lookup operation. As shown, data for new orders can bepassed from the symbol lookup to the order lookup for updating theactive order table. A multiplexer (MUX) downstream from the symbollookup and order lookup operations can merge the looked up data (symbolID, order information, as appropriate) with the parsed messages fordelivery downstream. An efficient technique for mapping order referencenumbers to the mapped symbol index using parallel processing resourcesin offload engines is described in the above-referenced and incorporatedWO Pub. WO 2010/077829. In order to perform the symbol mapping function,the computational resources in the IFS can include dedicated high-speedmemory interfaces.

As part of the pre-normalization function, the IFS may also assign oneor more high-precision timestamps. For example, a timestamp may beassigned when the IFS receives a packet, a timestamp may be assignedimmediately prior to transmitting a packet, etc. The high-precisiontimestamp preferably provides nanosecond resolution. In order to providesynchronized timestamps with downstream consumers, the time source usedto assign the timestamps should be disciplined with a high-precisiontime synchronization protocol. Example protocols include the NetworkTime Protocol (NTP) and the Precision Time Protocol (PTP). The protocolengine can be co-resident with the offload engines in the IFS, but ispreferably implemented in a control processor that disciplines a timerin the offload engines. As part of the pre-normalization function, theIFS may also assign additional sequence numbers. For example, the IFSmay assign a per-message, per-symbol sequence number. This would providea monotonically increasing sequence number for each instrument. Theseadditional timestamps and sequence numbers may be appended to rawmessage formats or included in the pre-normalized message format, asdescribed above.

6. Symbol-Based Routing and Repackaging:

The symbol-based routing allows the IFS to deliver updates for aprescribed set of symbols to downstream components in the electronictrading platform. As shown in FIG. 16, the IFS can act as a subscriptionbased routing and filtering engine for latency-sensitive applicationsthat consume the raw or pre-normalized updates directly from the IFS.Similarly, the IFS can facilitate a horizontal scaling strategy bystriping the incoming raw feed data by symbol within the market datafeed network itself. This allows the IFS to deliver the updates for theprescribed symbol range to downstream feed handler or ticker plantcomponents, without having to rely on additional processing capabilitiesin those components to perform this function. This can dramaticallyreduce data delivery latency and increase the processing capacity ofthose components.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary processing module configured to performsymbol-routing and repackaging. Such a module is preferably implementedas a pipelined processing engine. As shown in FIG. 20, thesymbol-routing and repackaging function first utilizes the symbol indexto lookup an interest list in the interest list table. Note thatadditional fields such as the market identification code (MIC) and datasource identification code (DSIC) may be used in addition to the symbolindex to lookup an interest list. Similar to the interest-basedfiltering and replication discussed in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046, the interest list is stored in theform of a bit vector where the position of each bit corresponds to adownstream consumer. For the IFS, a downstream consumer may be aphysical output port, a multicast group, a specific host or server, aspecific application (such as a feed handler), etc. The scope of a“consumer” depends on the downstream platform architecture. Associatedwith each consumer is a message queue that contains the messagesdestined for the consumer. A fair scheduler ensures that each of themessage queues receives fair service. Packetization logic reads multipleupdates from the selected message queue and packages the updates into apacket for transmission on the prescribed output port, using theprescribed network address and transport port. Messages can be combinedinto an outgoing Ethernet frame with appropriate MAC-level, andoptionally IP-level headers.

Preferably, the packetization logic constructs maximally sized packets:the logic reads as many messages as possible from the queue until themaximum packet size is reached or the message queue is empty. Note thatpacketization strategy and destination parameters may be specified viapackaging parameters stored in a table. The packetization logic simplyperforms a lookup using the queue number that it is currently servicingin order to retrieve the appropriate parameters. The interest list andpackaging parameter tables are preferably managed by configuration,control, and table management logic hosted on a co-resident controlprocessor.

Note that the messages in the newly constructed packets may have beentransmitted by their concomitant feed sources in different packets or inthe same packet with other messages that are now excluded. This is anexample of the IFS constructing a customized “feed” for downstreamconsumers.

If downstream consumers are equipped with network interface devices thatallow for custom protocol implementation, e.g. an FPGA connecteddirectly to the physical network link, then additional optimizations maybe implemented by the packetization logic. For example, the EthernetMAC-level (and above) headers and CRC trailer may be stripped off anypacket. By doing so, unnecessary overhead can be removed from packets,reducing packet sizes, reducing data transmission latency, and reducingthe amount of processing required to consume the packets. As shown inFIG. 16, this optimization may apply to latency-sensitive tradingapplications, feed handlers, or ticker plants.

7. Depth Price Aggregation and Synthetic Quotes:

With sufficient processing and memory resources, additional datanormalization functions may be performed by the IFS, and thus offloadedfrom platform components such as feed handlers, virtual order bookengines, and ticker plants. One such function is price-normalization fororder-based depth of market feeds. As described in the above-referencedand incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046, WO Pub. WO 2010/077829, andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/316,332, a number of market datafeeds operate at the granularity of individual orders to buy or sell afinancial instrument. The majority of real-time updates represent neworders, modifications to existing orders, or deletions of existingorders. As described in these incorporated references, a significantnumber of market data applications choose to consume the order-baseddepth of market feeds simply due to the reduced data delivery latencyrelative to top-of-book or consolidated feeds. However, the applicationstypically do not require visibility into the individual orders, butrather choose to view pricing information as a limited-depth,price-aggregated book, or as a top-of-book quote. In theabove-referenced and incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046, WO Pub. WO2010/077829, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/316,332, a numberof techniques are disclosed for efficiently performing price aggregationin parallel processing elements such as reconfigurable hardware devices.The same methods can be applied in the context of an intelligent feedswitch to offload price aggregation from downstream consumers. Forexample, rather than consuming the NASDAQ Totalview feed in its raworder-referenced format, downstream consumers can consumeprice-aggregated updates reflecting new price points, changes toexisting price points, and deletions of price points from the book. Thiscan reduce the number of update events to downstream consumers.

Note that price aggregation may be performed on a per-symbol, per-marketbasis (e.g. NASDAQ market only), or on a per-symbol, pan-market basis(e.g. NASDAQ, NYSE, BATS, ARCA, Direct Edge) to facilitate virtual orderbook views.

A further reduction in the number of updates consumed by downstreamconsumers can be achieved by performing size filtering. Size filteringis defined as the suppression of an update if the result of the updateis a change in aggregate volume (size) at a pre-existing price point,where the amount of the change relative to the most recent updatetransmitted to consumers is less than a configured threshold. Note thatthe threshold may be relative to the current volume, e.g. a change insize of 50%.

Again, if sufficient processing and memory resources are deployed withinthe IFS, a synthetic quote engine can be included. As described in theabove-referenced and incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046, WO Pub. WO2010/077829, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/316,332,price-aggregated entries can be sorted into a price book view for eachsymbol. The top N levels of the price-aggregated represent a top-of-bookquote. Note that N is typically one (i.e. only the best bid and offervalues), but N may be set to be a small value such as three (3) toenhance the quote with visibility into the next N−1 price levels in thebook. The techniques described in these incorporated referenced can beused to efficiently sort price-aggregated updates into price books andgenerate top-of-book quotes when an entry in the top N levels changesusing parallel processing resources.

8. Event Caching:

As previously described, the IFS is capable of only transmitting updatesfor symbols for which downstream consumers are interested using thesymbol-based routing described above. If a consumer wishes to add asymbol to its set of interest, the consumer would need to wait until asubsequent quote event is transmitted by the feed source in order toreceive the current pricing for the associated financial instrument. Asimple form of a cache can be efficiently implemented in the IFS inorder to allow downstream consumers to immediately receive currentpricing data for a financial instrument if its symbol is dynamicallyadded to its set of interest during a trading session. For feeds thatprovide top-of-book quote updates and last trade reports, the IFS canmaintain a simply last event cache that stores the most recent quote andmost recent trade event received on a per-symbol, per-market basis.Specifically, a table of events is maintained where an entry is locatedusing the symbol index, MIC, and MSIC. When the set of interest changesfor a given downstream consumer, the current quote and trade events inthe event cache are transmitted to the consumer. This allows theconsumer to receive the current bid, offer, and last traded priceinformation for the instrument.

If sufficient processing resources exist in the IFS, a full last valuecache (LVC) can be maintained as described in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046.

9. Data Quality Monitoring:

The IFS can be also be configured to monitor a wide variety of dataquality metrics on a per-symbol, per-market basis. A list of dataquality metrics includes but is not limited to:

-   -   Line gap: packet loss experienced on the line carrying updates        for the symbol.    -   Line dead: the input feed line is detected to be in a “dead”        state where no data is being received.    -   Locked market: the best bid and offer prices for the instrument        on the given market are identical    -   Crossed market: the best bid price is larger than the best offer        price for the instrument on the given market

The data quality can be reflected in an enumerated value and included inmessages transmitted to downstream consumers as an appended field, aspreviously described. These enumerated data quality states can be usedby the IFS and/or downstream consumers to perform a variety data qualitymitigation operations.

10. Data Source Failover:

An example of a data quality mitigation operation is to provide datasource failover. As previously described, there may be multiple datasources for market data updates from a given market, hence the need fora data source identification code (DSIC). Rather specify a specific<symbol, market, data source> tuple when establishing interest in aninstrument, downstream consumers may specify a <symbol, market> tuplewhere the “best” data source is selected by the IFS. A prioritized listof data sources for each market is specified in the control logic. Whenthe data quality associated with the current preferred data source for amarket transitions to “poor” quality state, the IFS automaticallytransitions to the next highest-priority data source for the market. Thedata quality states that constitute “poor” quality are configured in thecontrol logic. When a data source transition occurs, the control logicalters the interest list entries associated with affected instrumentsand downstream consumers. Note that if a higher-priority data sourcetransitions out of a “poor” quality state, the IFS automaticallytransitions back to the higher-priority data source. Preferably, the IFSis configured to apply hysteresis to the data source failover functionto prevent thrashing between data sources. Note that data sourcefailover may rely on the presence of other functions within the IFS suchas synthetic quote generation if failover is to be supported betweendepth of market feeds and top-of-book quote feeds.

11. Monitoring, Configuration, and Control:

The monitoring, configuration, and control logic described is preferablyhosted on a co-resident processor in the IFS. This logic may interfacewith applications in the electronic platform or remote operationsapplications. In one embodiment of the IFS, control messages arereceived from an egress port. This allows one or more applications inthe electronic trading platform to specify symbol routing parameters,packet and message parsing templates, prioritized lists of data sources,gap reporting and mitigation parameters, etc.

In addition, a variety of statistics counters and informationalregisters are maintained by the offload engines that can be accessed bythe control logic in the IFS such as per-line packet and messagecounters, packet and message rates, gap counters and missing sequenceregisters, packet size statistics, etc. These statistics are madeavailable to the external world via common mechanisms in the art,including SNMP, HTML, etc.

12. Feed Generation:

The IFS can also be used by feed sources (exchanges and consolidatedfeed vendors) to offload many of the functions required in feedgeneration. These tasks are largely the inverse of those performed byfeed consumers. Specifically, the IFS can be configured to encodeupdates using prescribed encoding templates and transmit the updates onspecified multicast groups, output ports, etc. Other functions that areapplicable to feed generation include high-resolution timestamping, ratemonitoring, and data quality monitoring.

C. Intelligent Distribution Switch:

The same methods and apparatuses can be applied to the task ofdistributing data throughout the electronic trading platform. As shownin FIG. 24, an Intelligent Distribution Switch (IDS) can be positioneddownstream of market data normalization components in the electronictrading platform. The IDS can be used to offload distribution functionsfrom normalization components such ticker plants, to offload dataconsumption and management functions from downstream consumers such astrading applications, and to introduce new capabilities into thedistribution network in the electronic trading platform. Examples ofdistribution capabilities are described in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 61/570,670.

The IDS architecture can be one of the previously described variantsshown in FIGS. 21, 22, and 23. Note that the number of switch ports andamount of interconnect bandwidth between internal devices (FPGAs, switchASICS, memory, etc.) may be provisioned differently for an IDSapplication, relative to an IFS application.

As shown in FIG. 25, the IDS may host one or more distributionfunctions. The IDS can be used to offload the task of interest-baseddistribution. The IDS can maintain a mapping from instrument symbol tointerest list, an example of such a mapping being described in theabove-referenced and incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,046. Ifpoint-to-point transmission protocols are in use, then the IDS makes therequisite copies of the update event and addresses each event for thespecified consumer. By offloading this function, upstream componentssuch as ticker plants only need to propagate a single copy of eachupdate event. This reduces the processing resource requirement, orallows the processing resources previously dedicated to interest listmaintenance and event replication to be redeployed for other purposes.

Data source failover may also be performed by the IDS. Like thepreviously described data source failover function performed in the IFS,the IDS allows downstream consumers to specify a prioritized list ofnormalized data sources. When the preferred source becomes unavailableor the data quality transitions to an unacceptable state, the IDSswitches to the next highest priority normalized data source.

The IDS may also perform customized computations a per-consumer basis.Example computations include constructing user-defined Virtual OrderBooks, computing basket computations, computing options prices (andimplied volatilities) and generating user-defined Best Bid and Offer(BBO) quotes (see the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos.7,840,482 and 7,921,046, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2009/0182683, and WO Pub.WO 2010/077829 for examples of hardware-accelerated processing modulesfor such tasks). By performing these functions in an IDS at the “edge”of the distribution network allows the functions to be customized on aper consumer basis. Note that a ticker plant distributing data tohundreds of consumers may not have the processing capacity to performhundreds of customized computations, one for each consumer. Examples ofother customized per consumer computations include: liquidity target NetAsset Value (NAV) computations, future/spot price transformations, andcurrency conversions.

Additionally, the IDS may host one or more of the low latency datadistribution functions described in the above-referenced andincorporated U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 61/570,670. In one embodiment, theIDS may perform all of the functions of an Edge Cache. In anotherembodiment, the IDS may perform all of the functions of a ConnectionMultiplexer. As such, the IDS includes at least one instance of amulti-class distribution engine (MDE) that includes some permutation ofCritical Transmission Engine, Adaptive Transmission Engine, or MeteredTransmission Engine.

Like the customized per consumer computations, the IDS may also performper consumer protocol bridging. For example, the upstream connectionfrom the IDS to a ticker plant may use a point-to-point Remote DirectMemory Access (RDMA) protocol. The IDS may be distributing data to a setof consumers via point-to-point connections using the TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) over Internet Protocol (IP), and distributingdata to another set of consumers via a proprietary reliable multicastprotocol over Unreliable Datagram Protocol (UDP).

1. Low Overhead Communication Protocols:

Note that if intelligent FPGA NICs are used in the consuming machines,then a direct FPGA-to-FPGA wire path exists between FPGA in the Switchand the FPGA in the NIC. This eliminates the need for Ethernet frameheaders, IP headers, CRCs, inter-frame spacing and other overhead, andallows the FPGA in the switch to communicate directly with the FPGA inthe NIC, without being constrained to specific communication protocols.

D. Non-Financial Embodiments

It should be understood that the offload processing techniques describedherein can also be applied to data other than financial market data. Forexample, the packet reorganization techniques described in connectionwith FIGS. 3-6 can be applied to one more data feeds of non-financialdata. FIGS. 29-32 illustrate such non-financial examples.

In the embodiment of FIG. 29, data packets from a plurality of datafeeds arrive on an input link to the offload processor, and the offloadprocessor 300 is configured to provide consumer-specific repackaging ofthe incoming data packets. Thus, however the messages of the incomingpackets may have been organized, the outgoing packets can organize themessages on a consumer-specific or other basis. Moreover, it should beunderstood that the incoming data packets may correspond to only asingle data feed.

FIG. 30 depicts an embodiment where the offload processor 300 receivesmultiple incoming data feeds on multiple input links and providesrepackaging for a single output link.

FIG. 31 depicts an embodiment where the offload processor 300 receivesone or more data feeds on a single input link and provides repackagingfor multiple output links.

FIG. 32 depicts an embodiment where the offload processor 300 receivesmultiple incoming data feeds on multiple input links and providesrepackaging for a multiple output links.

Examples of nonfinancial data feeds could be data feeds such as thosefrom social networks (e.g., a Twitter data feed, a Facebook data feed,etc.), content aggregation feeds (e.g., RSS feeds), machine-readablenews feeds, and others.

FIG. 33 depicts how the offload processor 300 can deliver the outgoingreorganized data packets to a plurality of different data consumers.

The offload processor 300 can take the form of an intelligent feedswitch 3400, similar to as described above. Such a switch 3400 canreside in a data distribution network. The intelligent feed switch 3400can be configured to provide any of a number of data processingoperations on incoming messages within the data packets of the one ormore incoming data feeds. In exemplary embodiments, these dataprocessing operations can be hardware-accelerated data processingoperations. Examples of hardware-accelerated data processing operationsthat can be performed include data processing operations such as datasearching, regular expression pattern matching, approximate patternmatching, encryption/decryption, compression/decompression, ruleprocessing, data indexing, and others, such as those disclosed by U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,711,558, 7,139,743, 7,636,703, 7,702,629, 8,095,508 and U.S.Pat. App. Pubs. 2007/0237327, 2008/0114725, 2009/0060197, and2009/0287628, the entire disclosures of each of which being incorporatedherein by reference. As previously noted, examples of suitable hardwareacceleration platforms can include reconfigurable logic (e.g., FPGAs)and GPUs.

In an exemplary embodiment, the different data consumers may have adesire to monitor one or more data feeds for data of interest. Forexample, a consumer may be interested in being notified of or receivingall messages in a data feed that include a particular company name,person's name, sports team, and/or city. Moreover, different dataconsumers would likely have varying interests with regard to suchmonitoring efforts. The intelligent feed switch can be configured toperform search operations on the messages in one or more data feeds tofind all messages which include data that matches one or more searchterms. The messages that match the terms for a given data consumer canthen be associated with that data consumer, and the intelligent feedswitch can direct such messages to the interested data consumer. FIG. 35illustrates a process flow for such an operation. The intelligent feedswitch can implement hardware-accelerated search capabilities asdescribed in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patentapplications to implement the process flow of FIG. 35.

In another exemplary embodiment, different consumers may want differentmessages of interest to them encrypted in a certain fashion. Suchencryption operations can also be implemented in the intelligent feedswitch, preferably as hardware-accelerated encryption.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, different consumers may desiredifferent data normalization/quality checking operations be performed onmessages of interest to them. Once again, such operations could beimplemented in the intelligent feed switch on a consumer-specific basis.

While the present invention has been described above in relation toexemplary embodiments, various modifications may be made thereto thatstill fall within the invention's scope, as would be recognized by thoseof ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications to the invention willbe recognizable upon review of the teachings herein. As such, the fullscope of the present invention is to be defined solely by the appendedclaims and their legal equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An intelligent switch for processing financialmarket data, the switch comprising: a plurality of ports switchinglogic; and a processor; wherein the switching logic and processor areco-resident within the intelligent switch; at least one of the portsbeing configured to receive a plurality of incoming data packets, theincoming data packets comprising a plurality of financial market datamessages, the financial market data messages comprising data thatdescribes financial market data for a plurality of financialinstruments, and wherein at least a plurality of the received datapackets comprise transmission control protocol (TCP) data packets; atleast another of the ports being configured to output a plurality ofoutgoing data packets, the outgoing data packets comprising data thatdescribes at least a portion of the financial market data; wherein theswitching logic is configured to determine a port for the outgoing datapackets with reference to the incoming data packets; and wherein theprocessor is configured to perform a TCP termination on at least aplurality of the received TCP data packets.
 2. The switch of claim 1wherein the processor is further configured to perform a processingoperation on at least a portion of the data describing the financialmarket data, the processing operation comprising at least one selectedfrom the group consisting of (1) a packet mapping operation, (2) apacket parsing operation, (3) a message parsing operation, (4) a symbolmapping operation, (5) a sequencing operation, (6) a data normalizationoperation, (7) a symbol routing operation, (8) a repackaging operation,(9) a synthetic quote generation operation, (10) a last event cachingoperation, (11) an order book maintenance operation, (12) a data qualitymonitoring operation, (13) a field addition operation, and (14) a datadistribution operation.
 3. The switch of claim 1 wherein a plurality ofthe received data packets comprise unreliable datagram protocol (UDP)data packets, and wherein the processor is further configured to performat least one member of the group consisting of (1) a line arbitrationoperation and (2) a gap detection operation on the received UDP datapackets.
 4. The switch of claim 3 wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to perform a line arbitration operation on the received UDPdata packets, and wherein the processor comprises at least one member ofthe group consisting of a reconfigurable logic device, a graphicsprocessor unit (GPU), and a chip multi-processor (CMP).
 5. The switch ofclaim 3 wherein the processor is further configured to perform a gapdetection operation on the received UDP data packets, and wherein theprocessor comprises at least one member of the group consisting of areconfigurable logic device, a graphics processor unit (GPU), and a chipmulti-processor (CMP).
 6. The switch of claim 3 wherein the processor isconfigured to perform (1) a packet mapping operation, (2) a linearbitration operation on the received UDP data packets downstream fromthe packet mapping operation, (3) a TCP termination on the received TCPdata packets downstream from the packet mapping operation, (4) a packetparsing operation downstream from the packet mapping operation, (5) amessage parsing operation downstream from the packet parsing operation,(6) a symbol mapping operation downstream from the message parsingoperation, (7) a data normalization operation downstream from the symbolmapping operation, (8) a symbol routing operation downstream from thedata normalization operation, and (9) a repackaging operation downstreamfrom the symbol routing operation, the switch thereby being configuredto generate a stream of customized outgoing data packets that organizethe financial market data according to a criterion different than howthe incoming data packets organized the financial market data.
 7. Theswitch of claim 6 wherein the processor comprises a field programmablegate array (FPGA), the FPGA comprising pipelined firmware logic forperforming the data processing operations in parallel with respect tosuccessively received incoming data packets.
 8. The switch of claim 1wherein the switching logic is resident on the processor.
 9. The switchof claim 1 wherein the processor comprises a field programmable gatearray (FPGA).
 10. The switch of claim 9 further comprising another FPGA,and wherein the switching logic is resident on the another FPGA.
 11. Theswitch of claim 10 wherein the FPGAs are configured to communicate witheach other via a custom interface.
 12. The switch of claim 10 whereinthe FPGAs are configured to communicate with each other via aPCI-express interface.
 13. The switch of claim 10 wherein the FPGAs areconfigured to communicate with each other via a XAUI interface.
 14. Theswitch of claim 10 wherein the FPGAs are configured to communicate witheach other via an Ethernet interface.
 15. The switch of claim 1 whereinthe switching logic is resident on an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC).
 16. The switch of claim 15 wherein the processorcomprises a field programmable gate array (FPGA), wherein the ASIC andthe FPGA are configured to communicate with each other via a custominterface.
 17. The switch of claim 15 wherein the processor comprises afield programmable gate array (FPGA), wherein the ASIC and the FPGA areconfigured to communicate with each other via a PCI-express interface.18. The switch of claim 15 wherein the processor comprises a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), wherein the ASIC and the FPGA areconfigured to communicate with each other via a XAUI interface.
 19. Theswitch of claim 15 wherein the processor comprises a field programmablegate array (FPGA), wherein the ASIC and the FPGA are configured tocommunicate with each other via an Ethernet interface.
 20. The switch ofclaim 1 further comprising a control processor for providinginstructions to the processor for controlling the data processingoperation in response to input from an external device.
 21. The switchof claim 1 wherein the processor comprises at least one member of thegroup consisting of a reconfigurable logic device, a graphics processorunit (GPU), and a chip multi-processor (CMP).
 22. The switch of claim 21wherein the at least one member is further configured to perform aprocessing operation on at least a portion of the data describing thefinancial market data, the processing operation comprising at least oneselected from the group consisting of (1) a packet mapping operation,(2) a packet parsing operation, (3) a message parsing operation, (4) asymbol mapping operation, (5) a sequencing operation, (6) a datanormalization operation, (7) a symbol routing operation, (8) arepackaging operation, (9) a synthetic quote generation operation, (10)a last event caching operation, (11) an order book maintenanceoperation, (12) a data quality monitoring operation, (13) a fieldaddition operation, and (14) a data distribution operation.
 23. Theswitch of claim 21 wherein the at least one member is further configuredto perform a plurality of the data processing operations on at least aportion of the data describing the financial market data.
 24. The switchof claim 21 wherein the at least one member comprises a pipelinedprocessing engine that is configured to perform a plurality of dataprocessing operations in parallel.
 25. The switch of claim 1 wherein theplurality of ports comprise a first, second, and third port.
 26. Amethod comprising: receiving a plurality of incoming data packets via atleast one port of a switch, the incoming data packets comprising aplurality of financial market data messages, the financial market datamessages comprising data that describes financial market data for aplurality of financial instruments, and wherein at least a plurality ofthe received data packets comprise transmission control protocol (TCP)data packets, the switch comprising (1) a plurality of ports, (2)switching logic, and (3) a processor, wherein the switching logic andprocessor are co-resident within the switch; performing, by theprocessor, a TCP termination on at least a plurality of the received TCPdata packets; determining, by the switching logic, at least one of theports for a plurality of outgoing data packets with reference to theincoming data packets, the outgoing data packets comprising data thatdescribes at least a portion of the financial market data; andoutputting the outgoing data packets via the determined at least oneport.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the switch is located in a datadistribution network upstream from an electronic trading platform thatconsumes data output by the switch.
 28. The method of 26 furthercomprising: a trading application receiving financial market datadirectly from the switch via the outgoing data packets and performing atrading operation in response to the received financial market data. 29.The method of claim 28 wherein the trading application comprises alatency-sensitive trading application.
 30. The method of claim 28further comprising: a hardware-accelerated ticker plant processing thefinancial market data messages to generate normalized financial marketdata; and the latency-sensitive trading application further receivingnormalized financial market data directly from the hardware-acceleratedticker plant and performing a trading operation in response to (1) thefinancial market data received from the switch and (2) the normalizedfinancial market data.
 31. The method of claim 26 wherein the switch islocated in a data distribution network downstream from an electronictrading platform that provides the switch with the incoming datapackets.
 32. The method of claim 26 wherein a plurality of the receiveddata packets comprise unreliable datagram protocol (UDP) data packets,the method further comprising the processor performing at least onemember of the group consisting of (1) a line arbitration operation and(2) a gap detection operation on the received UDP data packets.
 33. Themethod of claim 32 wherein the processor comprises at least one memberof the group consisting of a reconfigurable logic device, a graphicsprocessor unit (GPU), and a chip multi-processor (CMP), and wherein theperforming step comprises the at least one member performing a linearbitration operation on the received UDP data packets.
 34. The methodof claim 32 wherein the processor comprises at least one member of thegroup consisting of a reconfigurable logic device, a graphics processorunit (GPU), and a chip multi-processor (CMP), and wherein the performingstep comprises the at least one member performing a gap detectionoperation on the received UDP data packets.
 35. The method of claim 26wherein a plurality of the received data packets comprise unreliabledatagram protocol (UDP) data packets, the method further comprising theprocessor performing (1) a packet mapping operation, (2) a linearbitration operation on the received UDP data packets downstream fromthe packet mapping operation, (3) a TCP termination on the received TCPdata packets downstream from the packet mapping operation, (4) a packetparsing operation downstream from the packet mapping operation, (5) amessage parsing operation downstream from the packet parsing operation,(6) a symbol mapping operation downstream from the message parsingoperation, (7) a data normalization operation downstream from the symbolmapping operation, (8) a symbol routing operation downstream from thedata normalization operation, and (9) a repackaging operation downstreamfrom the symbol routing operation, the switch thereby generating astream of customized outgoing data packets that organize the financialmarket data according to a criterion different than how the incomingdata packets organized the financial market data.
 36. The method ofclaim 35 wherein the processor comprises a field programmable gate array(FPGA), the FPGA comprising pipelined firmware logic, the pipelinedfirmware logic performing the data processing operations in parallelwith respect to successively received incoming data packets.
 37. Themethod of claim 26 wherein the switching logic is resident on theprocessor.
 38. The method of claim 26 wherein the processor comprises afield programmable gate array (FPGA).
 39. The method of claim 38 whereinthe switching logic is resident on another FPGA.
 40. The method of claim39 further comprising the FPGAs communicating with each other via amember of the group consisting of (1) a custom interface, (2) aPCI-express interface, (3) a XAUI interface, and (4) an Ethernetinterface.
 41. The method of claim 26 wherein the switching logic isresident on an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
 42. Themethod of claim 41 wherein the processor comprises a field programmablegate array (FPGA), the method further comprising the ASIC and the FPGAcommunicating with each other via a member of the group consisting of(1) a custom interface, (2) a PCI-express interface, (3) a XAUIinterface, and (4) an Ethernet interface.
 43. The method of claim 26wherein the processor comprises at least one member of the groupconsisting of a reconfigurable logic device, a graphics processor unit(GPU), and a chip multi-processor (CMP).
 44. The method of claim 43further comprising the at least one member performing a processingoperation on at least a portion of the data describing the financialmarket data, the processing operation comprising at least one selectedfrom the group consisting of (1) a packet mapping operation, (2) apacket parsing operation, (3) a message parsing operation, (4) a symbolmapping operation, (5) a sequencing operation, (6) a data normalizationoperation, (7) a symbol routing operation, (8) a repackaging operation,(9) a synthetic quote generation operation, (10) a last event cachingoperation, (11) an order book maintenance operation, (12) a data qualitymonitoring operation, (13) a field addition operation, and (14) a datadistribution operation.
 45. The method of claim 43 wherein the at leastone member comprises a pipelined processing engine, the method furthercomprising the pipelined processing engine performing a plurality of thedata processing operations on at least a portion of the data describingthe financial market data in parallel.
 46. A system comprising: anintelligent switch for processing financial market data, the switchcomprising (1) a plurality of ports, (2) switching logic, and (3) aprocessor, wherein the switching logic and processor are co-residentwithin the intelligent switch, wherein at least one of the ports isconfigured to receive a plurality of incoming data packets, the incomingdata packets comprising a plurality of financial market data messages,the financial market data messages comprising data that describesfinancial market data for a plurality of financial instruments, whereinat least another of the ports being configured to output a plurality ofoutgoing data packets, the outgoing data packets comprising data thatdescribes at least a portion of the financial market data, wherein theswitching logic is configured to determine a port for the outgoing datapackets with reference to the incoming data packets, and wherein theprocessor is configured to perform a processing operation on at least aportion of the data describing the financial market data, the processingoperation comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of(1) a packet mapping operation, (2) a TCP termination operation, (3) aline arbitration operation, (4) a gap detection operation, (5) a packetparsing operation, (6) a message parsing operation, (7) a symbol mappingoperation, (8) a sequencing operation, (9) a data normalizationoperation, (10) a symbol routing operation, (11) a repackagingoperation, (12) a synthetic quote generation operation, (13) a lastevent caching operation, (14) an order book maintenance operation, (15)a data quality monitoring operation, (16) a field addition operation,and (17) a data distribution operation; an electronic trading platformdownstream from the intelligent switch, the electronic trading platformconfigured to consume data output by the switch, a latency-sensitivetrading application configured to receive processed financial marketdata directly from the intelligent switch and perform a tradingoperation in response to the processed financial market data from theintelligent switch; and wherein the switch offloads at least a portionof the data processing operation from the electronic trading platform.47. The system of claim 46 further comprising: a hardware-acceleratedticker plant downstream from the intelligent switch and configured tonormalize the processed financial market data from the intelligentswitch; and wherein the latency-sensitive trading application is furtherconfigured to receive the normalized financial market data directly fromthe hardware-accelerated ticker plant and perform a trading operation inresponse to the processed financial market data and the normalizedfinancial market data.
 48. A system comprising: an intelligent switchfor processing financial market data, the switch comprising (1) aplurality of ports, (2) switching logic, and (3) a processor, whereinthe switching logic and processor are co-resident within the intelligentswitch, wherein at least one of the ports is configured to receive aplurality of incoming data packets, the incoming data packets comprisinga plurality of financial market data messages, the financial market datamessages comprising data that describes financial market data for aplurality of financial instruments, wherein at least another of theports being configured to output a plurality of outgoing data packets,the outgoing data packets comprising data that describes at least aportion of the financial market data, wherein the switching logic isconfigured to determine a port for the outgoing data packets withreference to the incoming data packets, and wherein the processor isconfigured to perform a processing operation on at least a portion ofthe data describing the financial market data, the processing operationcomprising at least one selected from the group consisting of (1) apacket mapping operation, (2) a TCP termination operation, (3) a linearbitration operation, (4) a gap detection operation, (5) a packetparsing operation, (6) a message parsing operation, (7) a symbol mappingoperation, (8) a sequencing operation, (9) a data normalizationoperation, (10) a symbol routing operation, (11) a repackagingoperation, (12) a synthetic quote generation operation, (13) a lastevent caching operation, (14) an order book maintenance operation, (15)a data quality monitoring operation, (16) a field addition operation,and (17) a data distribution operation; a feed handler downstream fromthe intelligent switch, the feed handler configured to consume dataoutput by the switch, a latency-sensitive trading application configuredto receive processed financial market data directly from the intelligentswitch and perform a trading operation in response to the processedfinancial market data from the intelligent switch; and wherein theswitch offloads at least a portion of the data processing operation fromthe feed handler.
 49. The system of claim 48 further comprising: ahardware-accelerated ticker plant downstream from the intelligent switchand configured to normalize the processed financial market data from theintelligent switch; and wherein the latency-sensitive tradingapplication is further configured to receive the normalized financialmarket data directly from the hardware-accelerated ticker plant andperform a trading operation in response to the processed financialmarket data and the normalized financial market data.